It is clear that moderate (32-34 weeks) and late (34-37 weeks) preterm births are increasing in number in the recent years and it is a problem for both pediatric and obstetric practitioners. This article was aimed to describe what is moderate/late preterm infant, their early and late problems, morbidity, management and prevention strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of birth weight on maternal and fetal complications
METHODS: 274 patients who delivered 2500 – 4000 grams (Group 1) and 246 patients who delivered over 4000 grams (Group 2) were analyzed retrospectively at our hospital between June 2011 and July 2012. Data from both groups were compared with respect to demographic characteristics (age, gravidity, parity, gestational weeks at birth, body mass index (BMI)), mode of delivery, episiotomy requirement, 1 and 5 minute APGAR scores, birth complications, requirement for hospitalization and for neonatal intensive care unit admission, duration of hospitalization.
RESULTS: Group 1 (2500-4000 g.) and Group 2 (>4000 g.) were statistically compared in terms of demographic characteristics, maternal parity (p=0.02) and at a rate of obese (BMI>30kg/m2) patients (p=0.03) showed a significant difference in favor of Group 2. Cesarean section (p = 0.04) and episiotomy requirement ratio (p = 0.008) in favor of Group 2 statistically significant difference was found. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the rate of fetal complications occurring at delivery, while there were significant differences between group 1 and group 2 in the rate of maternal complications occurring at delivery (p=0.02) and total complications occurring at delivery (p=0.003).
CONCLUSION: The requirement for episiotomy, cesarean delivery and maternal complications occurring at delivery was significantly higher in the women with high birth weight (> 4000 g), while there were no significant differences in the rate of fetal complications occurring at delivery, APGAR scores, requirement for hospitalization, and the duration of hospital stay for groups 1 and 2 when birth weight was evaluated.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pregnancy outcomes and management of the patients diagnosed with obstetric cholestasis in our clinic.
METHODS: 151 patients with a diagnosis of obstetric cholestasis were hospitalized and followed up in our perinatology clinic from January 2002 to February 2013 and were analyzed retrospectively. Absence of any dermatological condition that can cause itching, cholestatic liver tests showing the pattern of ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate transaminase) >40U/L, absence of signs of viral hepatitis (negative for HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HAV values) and pathological ultrasonographic finding of gallbladder and liver are determined as diagnostic criteria for colestatic pregnancy for this study. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were recorded.
RESULTS: 151 patients with an average age of 28.81±5.67 delivered 168 babies. Mean time of diagnosis of obstetric cholestasis was found to be 33.99±3.06 gestational weeks and mean gestational time at birth was found 36.96±1.87 gestational weeks. 52.31% of pregnant women gave birth by caesarean section. The most common indication for caesarean was previous caesarean section with a rate of 28.47%, followed by fetal distress with a rate of 22.47%. Preterm birth rate (<37 gestational weeks) was 35.13%. The average infant birth weight and 5th minute APGAR score were 3008.27±554.29 grams and 8.76 ± 0.87, respectively. Meconium in amniotic fluid was detected in 14.28% of the cases and admission rate to neonatal care unit was 10.71%. Perinatal mortality rate was 4.76%.
CONCLUSION: Obstetric cholestasis is diagnosed after clinical findings and laboratory investigations. Differential diagnosis with clinically similar diseases should be evaluated carefully prior to diagnose of cholestasis of pregnancy. Careful fetal and maternal monitoring is required in antenatal period.

OBJECTIVE: To assess surgical treatment results of congenital trigger finger in pediatric age group.
METHODS: Between 2011-2013, 37 congenital trigger finger of 27 patients were evaluated retrospectively in Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Hospital Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology.15 patients were female 12 patients were male.10 patients had bilateral involvement.All surguries were performed by single surgeon in a single instutition.Surgical technique was A1 pulley release with a transvers incision.Patients were evaluated according to gender,age,dominant side involvement,admission age,family history,concomitant anomalies,symptom and signs,surgical results and complications.
RESULTS: Most common complaint of the patients was extansion deficit of the finger.5 patients had triggering and 3 patients had nodule 1 patient had pain complaint.In first physical examination most common sign was flexion deformity,MCP nodule.The patients whose conservative treatment failed older 1 year of age were surgically treated.Mean follow up was 5 months.We determined full range of motion in 35 fingers,2 residual flexion deformity and 1 hypertrophic scar.
CONCLUSION: We recommend early surgical release to prevent further sequel whose conservative therapy failed after 1 year old.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the patients with endometriyal hyperplasia and the patients with benign pathology for risk factors to determine endometrial precancerous lesions as early as possible in premenopausal period.
METHODS: This study was performed with 101 women in premenopausal period who were administered to our gynecology policlinic with abnormal uterine bleeding. The patients' anthropometric measurements containing height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were performed by a medical assistant assigned to this job in our clinic. The certain diagnosis depends on examining biopsy samples pathologically. The patients divided into two groups according to the endometrial biopsy results: Precancerous lesions exist in group1 and benign endometrial lesions exist in group2.
RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference between study and control groups in terms of parity. The parity was lower in the patients with precancerous lesions (p=0,011) and breast feeding period was also lower in this group (p=0,046). Endometrial thickness were higher in group 1 (patients with precancerous lesions) and it was significant statistically. (p<0,001). Majority of the lesions were reported as simple endometrial hyperplasia (80,5%).
CONCLUSION: Although limited number of cases, endometrial precancerous lesions were determined common in symptomatic premenopausal women. However most of these lesions regress spontaneously, close follow-up could be offered for the patients with low parity and short breast feeding duration. Endometrial sampling can be suggested if the patient becomes symptomatic.

OBJECTIVE: Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and toxoplasma infections of the fetus can lead serious congenital birth defects or fetal death. These agents are major reason of perinatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries.
METHODS: The aim of this study is to investigate se¬roprevalance of antibodies against rubella, CMV and toxoplasma that may lead to congenital infection among pregnant women who applied to XXXX State Hospital polyclinics of gynecology and obstetrics in the period between January 2012 and December 2012. Rubella, CMV and toxoplasma immunglobulin M (IgM) and immunglobulin G (IgG), CMV and toxoplasma IgG avidity antibodies investigated retrospectively in 804 sera samples, by using the enzyme linked fluorescence method (ELFA; Enzyme Linked Fluorescence Assay, Vidas, Bio Mérieux), ob¬tained from the 15-50 year-old pregnant women who applied to the hospital.
RESULTS: Seropositivity of rubella, CMV and toxoplasma IgM antibodies are %0.1, %0.1, %0.2 and IgG antibodies are; %94.0, %99.8, %36.9 respectively.
CONCLUSION: For prevention of congenital infection and establish a final diagnosis our suggestions are invastigation both of IgM and IgG antibodies before and during pregnancy, in case both of IgM and IgG are positive, determining if it is acute or previous infection by IgG avidity test.

A retained intrauterine device is a rare, but easily correctable, cause of postmenopausal bleeding. A 66-year-old woman presented to Ankara Numune Education and Resaearch Hospital Departmaent of Gynecology with postmenopausal bleeding. Sonographic evaluation of the endometrium revealed the presence of a intrauterine device retained for at least 29 years. Retrieval of the intrauterine device resulted in complete resolution of symptoms. A retained intrauterine device should be considered in the differential diagnosis for postmenopausal bleeding. In addition, the authors recommend pelvic sonography as the first-line diagnostic modality for postmenopausal bleeding to aid the diagnosis of retained intrauterine device as well as other pathology.

Constipation is a common problem in children, accounting about for 3% of consultations in average pediatric practice and as much as 25% in a pediatric gastroenterology. Main complications of constipation are functional fecal incontinence, chronic abdominal pain and urinary symptoms. Acute urinary retention associated with functional constipation is extremely rare problem in urological practice. We report a 6-yaer-old girl presenting with anuria by acute urinary retention associated functional constipation.

Herpes zoster is a disease which is characterised by vesicular eruptions involving thoracic, cervical, ophtalmic and lumbosacral plexus and caused by the reactivation of Varicella zoster virus(VZV) which is remaining latent in dorsal root ganglions. A 14-year-old girl with the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leucemia was admitted to our emergency clinic with the complaints of fever, pain, redness, edema and bubbles on right outer side of thigh. On physical examination, group-forming vesicular eruptions on the lateral side of right thigh were present. Varicella zoster immunoglobulin G was found to be positive. In this case, we aimed to remind that VZV infection can be diagnosed rarely in atypical presentation.

ALCAPA (Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery) is a rare but serious congenital cardiac defect accounting for 0.25-0.50% of all congenital heart diseases. ALCAPA was first described in 1866. The first clinical description was made by Bland et al. in 1933. Most of the cases are diagnosed by murmur and the presence of congestive heart failure (CHF) findings in the first year. Diagnosis indicates surgery and when left untreated without surgery, the mortality rate is high. The aim of modern surgical treatment is to establish two different coronary systems. Therefore, reimplantation is currently the most commonly used technique. In this article we report a patient treated with direct reimplantation surgical method.