Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common urinary system abnormality seen in children. If untreated, it might lead to severe complications including reflux nephropathy, hypertension and chronic renal failure following recurrent pyelonephritis and renal scarring. The primary goal in management of VUR is preservation of renal functions with early identification and intervention of patients. Recently, the literature data concerning the diagnosis, screening and management of VUR have been changed and some questions have not been properly answered yet. In this paper the issue of VUR is reviewed under current guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate short term results of Staheli shelf acetabuloplasty procedure which we performed at initial and fragmentation stages of Legg Calve Perthes disease for lateral pillar type B/C and C patients and to discuss the results in the light of literature.
METHODS: Between February 2004 and March 2009, lateral pillar type B/C and type C patients treated by Staheli shelf acetabuloplasty were evaluated retrospectively. Preoperative clinical and radiological data of patients were compared with the data at final follow up examination. Hip range of motions, articulotrochanteric distance (ATD), center edge angle (CEA), femoral head size ratio (FHS), acetabular coverage amount (ACA) and medial joint space distance (MJSD) of patients were compared. Changes in measure of clinical and radiological findings of lateral pillar type B/C and C patients compared postoperatively.
RESULTS: The mean age of 16 male patients that included the study was 9,1 years at surgery time. All of the patients were in initial and fragmentation stages. According to lateral pillar classification, 6 patients were evaluated as type B/C and 9 patients were evaluated as type C. The hip range of motions of patients at final follow up were statistically higher than preoperatively (p<0,001). Decrease of ATD (p=0,085) and FHSR (p=0,725) parameters were not statitistically significant. Increase of CEA (p<0,001), ACA (p<0,001) parameters and decrease of MJSD (p=0,01) parameters were not statistically significant. Changes of hip flexion degrees in lateral pillar B/C patients were statistically higher than in type C patients (p=0,007). But changes of other parameters were not statistically significant (p>0,05).
CONCLUSION: We recommend that Staheli shelf acetabuloplasty procedure should be kept in mind for surgical treatment of Perthes disease as having low complications and having successful clinical and radiological outcomes. However, further controlled researches should be done as this method has no longer follow up results.

OBJECTIVE: The study was undertaken to assess the obstetric and perinatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by epilepsy that is a common neurologic disorder of pregnancy
METHODS: Forty-two pregnant women with a diagnosis of epilepsy disorder who delivered at our clinic between January 2009 and December 2013 were included in this study. Data including demographic, obstetric and perinatal outcomes of all the pregnant women in this study were obtained from the archive of the hospital end electronic records.
RESULTS: The mean maternal age was 28,5±5,1. The mean gestational age and fetal weight was 39±1,6 weeks and 3218±477 gr at the time of birth respectively. Four pregnants (9,5%) were born before 37. gestational weeks. There were no adverse obstetric outcomes such as preeclampsia, bleeding in pregnancy and excessive bleeding postpartum. Caesarean section rate was 52,8% in the study group. The preconception counseling rate was 28,6% in study group. The most commonly used drug was carbamazepine (30%). Fourteen (33,3%) pregnants with epilepsy had a seizure during pregnancy. The most frequent seizures were during the first trimester (52.6%). Four (%9,5) newborns had low 5th minute Apgar score at birth. Major congenital malformations were present in 2 (4,8%) newborns.
CONCLUSION: The pregnants with epilepsy have some risk according to disease and medical terapy. They should be informed for the potential risks of epilepsy before becoming pregnant and the necessary changes in treatment should be made during preconceptional period.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonographic screening in general population and selected patients (who had risk factors or clinical findings) for deeveleopmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
METHODS: 634 babies who had admittted to our clinic between 2010 and 2012 had included to the study. Family history, breech presentation, torticollis, first child, oligohydramnios, club foot Risk faktörleri olarak aile hikayesi, makat geliş, tortikollis, ilk gebelik, oligohidramnios adn female gender were accepted as risk factors. The new born patients was evaluated with Graf method. Risk factors and clinical findings of the patients were compared with these results for sensitivity and spesificity.
RESULTS: 403 patients were female and 231 patients were male. The mean age of the patients were 87.45 +/- 49,6 days and the mean maternal age was 29.6 +/- 5.4 years. In the screeening of the patients 66 babies with 71 hips were dysplasic. (30 hips Type 2b, 8 hips type 2c, 3 hips Type D, 23 hips Type 3, 7 hips Type4)
CONCLUSION: According to our study, clinical examination of the patients is not sufficient for the screening of the babies for DDH. We think that the ultrasonographic screening of the babies for DDH is recommended for general population for high risk countries like Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: The etiological and clinical features of urolithiasis (UL) in infants were evaluated.
METHODS: The study included 150 infants who were diagnosed as UL before 1 year of age. Demographics, radiologic and laboratory data of the patients were retrospectively recorded.
RESULTS: The dimensions of the stones were below 3 mm in 43.3% and over 3mm in % 56.7 of the patients. The main symptoms were abdominal pain and disturbance (36%). The prematurity was recorded in 14.7%, family history in 46.7% of the patients. 13% had additional urinary abnormality, 15% had urinary tract infection (UTI), and 51.3 % had an underlying metabolic abnormality. The most common metabolic disturbance was hypercalciuria. Almost half of the patients used vitamin D and 10% of them had high vitamin D levels. The stones were completely resolved in 62.7% of patients. The dimensions of the stones were decreased in 34% whereas increased in 3.3 % of participants.
CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Infants should be carefully examined for the probable underlying metabolic, infectious or additional urinary abnormalities. The susceptibility to UL might be considered while recommending the usage of vitamin D in infants.

OBJECTIVE: In this study,the clinical features of thyroid nodules above 6 cm which is a rare pathology was examined.Preoperative cytologic results of Fine Niddle Aspiration Biopsi (FNAB) material and postoperative histopatological results of thyroidectomy material were compared.

METHODS: A total of 541 patients who were operated due to nodular goiter in between 2004-2012 were examined.The 27 patients with goiter above 6 cm was included to the study.All demographic findings were collected.All patients were evaluated with preoperative computed tomography. Preoperative FNAB results and postoperative histopatological results were compared.
RESULTS: The 27 patients with goiter above 6 cm were examined.In 10 patients there was airway obstruction in computed tomography.The thyroid malignancy was detected in 1 patients in FNAB,There were 2 (7.4%) malignancy after histopathological examination of thyroidectomy material.There were no permanent complication. There were transient complication in 3 (11.1 %) patients.

CONCLUSION: Thyroid nodule above 6 cm is a rare pathology. Patients with nodul above 6 cm usually need surgery due to airway obstruction or suspicion of malignancy.Cytological examination of FNAB material has high sensitivity for diagnosing malignancy.

The intraabdominal masses detected during prenatal or neonatal period of the solid, semisolid, cystic characteristics by which to determine what belongs to the system is also important. Ovarian cysts are the most frequently encountered intraabdominal masses in female fetuses and newborns. Ovarian cysts are usually functional and small cysts show spontaneous regression without any treatment. It is generally accepted that in the newborn, the term ‘’ pathological cyst’’ refers to one with a diameter over 2 cm. In this article; newborn with bilateral large ovarian cysts will be presented to discuss the differential diagnosis, follow-up and treatment of neonatal ovarian cysts.

Objective: We aimed to present the case who was thought to have had Roberts-SC syndrome with postpartum pyhsyical examination and imaging findings.
Case: 28-year-old pregnant patient with gravida-5, parity-2 was referred to our clinic with the diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia. At advanced ultrasonography examination, the fetal development was at 19 weeks. There was severe shortness (micromelia) in both the upper and the lower parts of the bilateral upper and lower extremities, demineralisation in vertebral bony structures, bilateral choroid plexus cysts and decreased anteroposterior chest diameter. Lethal skeletal dysplasia was considered with the present findings. Due to the abnormal USG findings, fetal chromosome analysis was recommended but the family didn't accept the test and decided to continue with the pregnancy. Due to the previous cesarian sections, repeat cesarian section was indicated and a 2700 gr, 42 cm baby girl was born with an Apgar score of 3-4. The newborn died within 24 hours.
Conclusion: Roberts-SC phocomeia syndrome is a rare disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance and varying clinical findings. Early centromere seperation on cytogenetic analysis and prenatal ultrasonography could help differentiate from other skeletal dysplasias. Genetic counselling is important to be able to detect any possible fetal anomaly in future pregnancies.

Children presenting with chest pain are rarely diagnosed with cardiac issues. The cardiac issues (myocardial injury) of chest pain in pediatric cases include inflammation of the coronary arteries, anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, and stenosis of coronary ostium. These conditions can be diagnosed through echocardiography or angiography. Myopericarditis, a relatively lesser known condition, which has been more commonly diagnosed in recent years, is a cause of chest pain and myocardial injury in pediatric patients. Myocarditis is primarily a disease of the pericardium; however, it can be accompanied by myocarditis. Myocardial involvement results in myocardial injury and elevation in cardiac enzymes. The finding of elevated cardiac enzymes (myoglobin, troponin I, creatinine kinase-CK, CK-MB) in a pediatric case presenting with chest pain should bring to mind myopericarditis in differential diagnosis. Myopericarditis in children can be idiopathic or caused by cardiotrophic viruses, vaccines, or drugs. Anti-inflammatory treatment usually controls the symptoms. Death rarely occurs. The current study reports a patient who presented with chest pain and elevated cardiac enzymes, and who responded to anti-inflammatory treatment after ruling out acute coronary syndrome through angiography.